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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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He created a letter type that reflected the rule of the King
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Geoffroy Tory
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He made asterisks, so it would establish how the language was spoken correctly.
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Geoffroy Tory
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He made the creation of the kings letter-type an art and a skill.
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Geoffroy Tory
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The connection lies in the connection to the church and divinity.
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Geoffroy Tory
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What is this?
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Champs Fleury (The Field of Flowers, 1523-1529
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He was the first royal typographer.
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Geoffroy Tory
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He suggests that there is an underlying mathematical understanding in nature.
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Geoffroy Tory
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Clarity and simplicity was his aim and desire
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Geoffroy Tory
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After his death led to the founding of the French Academy
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Geoffroy Tory
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France's greatest type designer.
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Geoffroy Tory
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Letters where based on the human body, much like Da Vinci's study of them.
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Geoffroy Tory
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The field of flowers was 10x10 units
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Geoffroy Tory
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“there is a natural logic in spoken words.”
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Geoffroy Tory
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Added asterisks to the letters so that words were pronounced correctly.
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Geoffroy Tory
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The diacritical marks are?
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asterisks are the marks for proper pronunciation of the french language.
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The Crible letter is?
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the letter type that reflects the rule of the king.
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Describe the Effect of printing and typography have on handwriting?
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created a new high standard for handwriting
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These were created for the pope and used to create a handwritten looking typography for children.
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Granjon's “characters de civilite” or Characters of Civility
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What company used letters that are used and worn down?
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Oxford University Press in England
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Who was the Oxford Universities. Typographer and what did he create?
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Peter de Walpergen [The Fell Types]
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Who was authorized by the church to buy decommissioned letter sets?
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John Fell
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Who went to Netherlands and hired 4 typographers for their skills?
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Oxford University Press in England
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Who continued tradition of royal typography?
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Chez Didot in France: A family dynasty of printers, publishers, paper makers & type founders
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Who was the founder of Didot Type Foundry?
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Francois Didot
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What type foundry was a family business?
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Chez Didot in France: A family dynasty of printers, publishers, paper makers & type founders
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Once its founded they start branching out, different family members specialize in different things.
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Chez Didot in France: A family dynasty of printers, publishers, paper makers & type founders
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What type foundry used a neo-classical form of print?
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Chez Didot in France: A family dynasty of printers, publishers, paper makers & type founders
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What foundry found a constant supply of paper?
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Chez Didot in France: A family dynasty of printers, publishers, paper makers & type founders
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What foundry and under whom went back to classical works?
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Works produced under Pierre Didot [head of printing office]
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Who was the creator of the Stereotype?
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Firmin Didot
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Who created the Painters' Journal?
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Firmin Didot
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What did the Painters' Journal do?
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It was a catalog for clients to indicate want
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When was the Painters' Journal created?
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1835
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What type of machine allowed for a smaller labor investment ?
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Didot Typecasting Machine
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What is a Stereotype?
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Cast plate: metal piece of type eg. forms
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What were the early forms of mechanized printing presses?
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Iron press machine that was financed by Lord Stanhope
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standardization efforts by people such as François Didot and Pierre Simon Fournier?
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Didot created Stereotype, which were molds that were created from one plate.
Fournier gave a point system and names to letter sizes. |
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Later machines used roller which required...
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less effort and higher speed of printing per hour.
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The machines made it so that typesetting and printing used..?
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less labor time & effort.
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What is this?
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Friedrich Koenig's double cylinder steam-powered press 1814
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Who invented the double cylinder steam-powered press?
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Friedrich Koenig
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When was the double cylinder steam-powered press created?
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1814
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When was the double cylinder steam-powered press created?
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1814
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What press could print 400 pages per hour?
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Friedrich Koenig's double cylinder steam-powered press 1814
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Who later invented a cylinder plate to print more impressions?
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Friedrich Koenig
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What key innovations were introduced by the linotype press [name 5}?
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enabled 1 operator to be:
1. machinist 2. typesetter 3. justifer 4. type founder 5. type distributor |
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What did the Linotype press produce?
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Bars of type instead of individual letters.
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What was the greatest invention since the printing press and who invented it?
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Ottmar Mergenthaler's
Blower Linotype [1886], [the first line-casting keyboard typesetter] |
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When was the Linotype machine created?
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1886
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What was the main innovation of Lord Stanhope's printing press?
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Iron allows for the machine to last longer.
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What kind of press was created so that wouldn't get worn out quickly?
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The Stanhope cast iron printing press (1800, underwritten by Lord Stanhope)
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What press only took one stroke to print a page?
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The Stanhope cast iron printing press (1800, underwritten by Lord Stanhope)
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As the Stanhope Iron printing press doubled in speed, what other innovation did this allow?
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the printing plate also doubled in size, and allowed for less time & labor costs.
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What was the main innovation of Friedrich Koenig's double-cylindered steam-powered press and when was it made?
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SPEED! 400 pages per hour
2nd version could print 1100 per hour, later invented a cylinder plate to print more impressions made in 1814 |
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Used printing technology to create fat-face for posters
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Fat face & Slab face typesetter [Robert Thorne 1821]
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Used the understanding that the brain will complete information of type.
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Fat face & Slab face typesetter [Robert Thorne 1821]
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Type can be seen from a great distance and still be read.
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Fat face & Slab face typesetter [Robert Thorne 1821]
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creates a architectural logic to the letter forms.
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Vincent Figgins Slab-serif letter forms [1815]
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This letter forms feel substantial and important
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Vincent Figgins Slab-serif letter forms [1815]
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Considered Britain's contribution to typography.
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Vincent Figgins Slab-serif letter forms [1815]
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What types of graphic design were produced in nineteenth-century America?
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The “little bits” of the Victorian era
used in diary’s and scrapbooks |
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Newspaper advertisements using lithography [writing in stone] were used when?
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nineteenth-century America
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When were Photographic element that were drawn and then printed?
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nineteenth-century America
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When were X-mas cards started to be made and sold? what was used to make these?
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nineteenth-century America
They used lithography presses to make these. |
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When were Finer art quality cards were made as advertisement
These cards were collected. |
19th cen. America
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What and who did this?
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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This is An example of a 19th cen. chromatography print,
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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What method was used to make this and when was it made?
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Chromolithography print made at the time of civil war
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this served with a poem for our country “healing” or giving hope
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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A poem card that put a positive spin on American life
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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Poem Card by John Green leaf Whittier
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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Example of a print were lines start to blur between commercial printing and fine art-quality
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After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]
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What was a limitation of 19th cen. printing?
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Color had not been standardized yet
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for 19th cen. printed material, what training was a worker likely to have had?
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Artists worked on there own/company, and then would give the work to the printer.
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Lithography?
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printing using a stone or a metal plate. [low cost method of publishing]
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How was Lithography used?
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newspaper advertisements and poster using just black. Big block letter like fat face and slab- serif types.
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Who used Lithography in the 19th cen.?
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Thorne & Figgins type faces like slab and flat face serifs
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Chromolithography?
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making multicolored prints. Usually with done with the use of chemicals.
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What type of print is After Eastman Johnson, Barefoot Boy [1867]?
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chromatography print
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Why was Victorian “Beautiful little bits” [Prang 1880] made?>
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direct market for people who cut out and save little things of printed material
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What was Victorian “Beautiful little bits” [Prang 1880] used for?
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Cut outs into Victorian scrapbooks/ diary’s
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What is “once you put something into words, they become alive”
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19th cen. Printed material
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“Knowledge is spread by the ______ _______.”
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19th cen. Printed material
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What is “A word as a living thing” and give an exmaple
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makes sense that Gutenberg created something that everyone could recognize like the bible. 19th cen. Printed material
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What is this talking about? “People felt a big connection to the divine with increased ownership of Bibles.”
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19th cen. Printed material
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What facilitated Protestant reformation?
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19th cen. Printed material
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Why did Martin Luther challenged the church?
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19th cen. Printed material] because they were printing things that were used to buy forgiveness.
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What is Printed Indulgence?
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purchasable forgiveness notes.
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Who had access to print media, and how was this different than in previous eras
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Usually the rich had access to printed media in previous eras, print media began to be available to the masses
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Also religious clergy and high political figures had access to what?
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print media
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It was very expensive to make and buy.
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print media
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Previous to this era hand only handwritten and hand drawn manuscripts or illuminated manuscripts.
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print media
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What did William Morris revive as far as style?
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Gothic revival
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Who had inspired “art-quality” printing?
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William Morris and the Kelmscott Press
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Creates Golden typeface which “looked pretty on the page”.
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William Morris and the Kelmscott Press
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Chaucer and Troy typeface, who created these and what style are they examples of?
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William Morris and the Kelmscott Press and example of blackletter
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He wrote about how we need to respect workers.
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William Morris and the Kelmscott Press
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What historical era and social ideas contribute to the typography and design of the Kelmscott press books? (Be sure to include dates in all answers.)
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Gothic Era = or the Gothic revival.
For example 1896 The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. 1476 Jenson typeface in the Historia Natualis was the inspiration for [Golden typeface] |
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Who or what were The Beggarstaffs?
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The Beggarstaffs were brothers-in-law James Pryde and William Nicholson.
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They opened an advertising design studio in 1894.
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The Beggarstaffs
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were known for their new technique, collage, using cut pieces of paper moved around on a board leaving a figure incomplete for the viewer to decipher.
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The Beggarstaffs
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Who used the most aggressive simplification of work in the era?
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The Beggarstaff Brothers
William Nicholson and James Pryde |
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Who used effective image related to text?
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The Beggarstaff Brothers
William Nicholson and James Pryde |
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What is the Art Nouveau?
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Art Nouveau mean “New Art”
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fresh and vibrant style is what art?
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Art Nouveau
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allegory of artist inspiration is what art style?
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Art Nouveau
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What art style has energy of line-casting?
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art Nouveau
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What art style demonstrated a kind of sexual vitality?
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art Nouveau
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What is Jugendstil?
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German for "youth style" or art Nouveau
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“the design should fit its premise”
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Jules Chéret
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“the design must suit its purpose"
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Jules Chéret
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A very famous poster designer
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Jules Chéret
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He trains as a lithographic apprentice in France
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Jules Chéret
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As people bring him work and he translates them into color
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Jules Chéret
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He goes to England, and designs label and advertisements for a perfume company
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Jules Chéret
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He was best known work was promoting music
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Jules Chéret
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He makes something that is rich and evocative but does not have a visual form
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Jules Chéret
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This poster demonstrated the excitement of the city street
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Jules Cheret [poster for Paris production of Orphee aux Enfers]
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This poster helped who assert himself as an legitimate artist?
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Jules Cheret [poster for Paris production of Orphee aux Enfers]
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This poster expressed emotion of how you will have a good time
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Jules Cheret for Elysee Montmarte bal Masque
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What was the difference between Toulouse-Lautrec & Jules Cheret?
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Cheret used Lithography [prints made with stone]. Lautrec did art prints in a commercial format.
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This person presented Art Nouveau to America.
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Will Bradley
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This person presented Art Nouveau to America.
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Will Bradley
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his poster had multiple forms & overlapping figures
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Victor Bicycles | Bradley
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Name 2 books that Bradley took inspiration from.
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Cover for Inland Printer →
The Grammar of Ornament 1856 → |
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Who was most prominent graphic design in the 1890's?
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William Bradley
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What designer was known for using British liner designs in his work?
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William Bradley
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Who was known for using curved figures and elongated proportions in his work?
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William Bradley
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He was a consultant to the American Type Foundry.
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William Bradley
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This designer embraced A&C Movement and art Nouveau.
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William Bradley
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He was the most prominent maker of poster and book covers in the 19th cen.
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William Bradley
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He was a self taught graphic designer.
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William Bradley
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He helped raise the standards and requirements of graphic design.
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William Bradley
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What artist did Harper's 1897 & Lippincott's 1895 magazines have influence from? And why?
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overlapping elements & the art Nouveau line.
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This artist worked for what magazine and this was a great value of pictures for the home?
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The Chap Book [Will Bradley]
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What were considered “polite novels” and something that embraced with great sentiment?
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The Chap Book [Will Bradley]
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What was collected for its simple & in-expensive ornament?
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The Chap Book [Will Bradley]
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He drew direct inspiration from living nature.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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This made Bradley's work popular.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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He toke out the erotic tension out of this art movement.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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This artist uses the same line in art Nouveau.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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This person was hosted in many galleries because of this influence.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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He is designed for a series of printing companies within this influence.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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He tried to present something that is cutting edge.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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He had precision of color separation in his art.
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Will Bradley took influence from Art Nouveau.
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What is this and when was it made?
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Bradley, “The poet and his Lady,” [1895]
in the Chap book. |
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Bradley, “The poet and his Lady,” [1895]
in the Chap book was inspired by whom? |
William Morris's Gothic theme
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Who was mixing and matching different styles, which was a broader appreciation for experimentation?
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Bradley, “The poet and his Lady,” [1895]
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Who took a colonial influence and copied in in illustration in the chap books? →
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Will Bradley
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Who or what was "The Four"?
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Margaret MacDonald
Frances MacDonald Herbert MacNair Charles Mackintosh |
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Who introduced the oversize poster?
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The Four
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Who were students at Glasgow? Please give names.
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Margaret MacDonald
Frances MacDonald Herbert MacNair Charles Mackintosh |
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Who was best known out of “The Four”?
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh
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Who had the same concept as Cheret, “the design should fit its premise?”
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The Four
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His design went from observation of nature to geometric style and then to textile design.
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh
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With The four, name 5 things that were the same in all there work.
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1. bold simple line that define flat planes of color.
2. a rising verticality [overall exemplify on vertical lines] all of the elements are extended 3. integration of flowing curves with rectangular structure 4. use of religious iconography 5. use of symbolism |
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This institution served to provide a world where difficulties of the industrial age could be banished.
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The Glasgow School of Art & the Celtic Revival
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What institution was a democratizing force?
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The Glasgow School of Art & the Celtic Revival
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Who wanted to establish their art as a national tradition?
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the four
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What were the colors of Scottish Identity movement?
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green, purple, indigo
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They were strongly influenced by Celtic Art [ medieval art]
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Celtic Manuscripts & The Four
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They were a mix of pagan and Christian styles
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Celtic Manuscripts & The Four
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These artists had a tenancy to mix curved forms with geometric structures.
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Celtic Manuscripts & The Four
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His work appears weightier.
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh
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His work has elements of sex in floral combination
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh
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What is rising verticality, and who used it?
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a line that draws your eye upwards, The four mostly.
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How can we differentiate between Scottish poster and the Vienna Succession?
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Look to the language. it will name them
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Who brought over Scottish work to exhibitions?
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Germans
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Who used figures that took on a “spooky style”?
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Vienna Succession
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Who used a circular or round form that sits in a square at the top of the drawing?
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the four
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Who used the same framing information in their art?
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Vienna Succession
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What was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Succession?
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Gustav] Klimt
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What organization thought “The young thing is the vibrant thing”?
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Vienna Succession
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Who brought in geometric line and clear forms to the Vienna Succession?
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Kolomon moser
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What organization believed that the figure that represents youth and knowledge?
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Vienna Succession
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What organization had the philosophy of “the total work of art”?
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Vienna Succession
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What organization believed that ornament is needs only to enhance a design?
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Vienna Succession
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What did Walter Cranes work influence and what kind of style does this represent?
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[Walter Crane, Line and form ] Vienna Succession
a genealogy and evolution represents style of youth |
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What is this and when was it made?
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Gabriel Max, Still Life [Girl at a Spinet, 1871]
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Who had the understanding of art work is different?
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Gustav Klimt, Judith 1st 1907
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What is this and who made it?
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Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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“The fresh promise of spring”
his was a experimental journal |
Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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“The fresh promise of spring”
his was a experimental journal |
Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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This was carefully designed, and to avoid clashing components
unusual size |
Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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This journal used high designed principles, and high art-quality
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Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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This book left enough space in the margins to be bound
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Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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The square forms in this art book indicate someone speaking
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Koloman Moser “Vorfruhling” in Ver Sacrum [1901]
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Responsibility to train young workers went to where
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trade schools and colleges of art and design
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What model of education was used in British design schools?
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“south kensington system”
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What was set up in manufacturing cities and towns?
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a flurry of private presses
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text and images became an artistic whole
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The New Poster
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Color lithography made sophisticated reproductions
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The New Poster
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pictoralism came commonplace for transportation advertising
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The New Poster
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Checking the Abuse of Public Advertising - or -monitor issue of style and location of posters
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The New Poster
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A movement led by Gustav Klimt
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Vienna Secession
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18 artist that felt that current were out of touch with newer art styles and theories
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Vienna Secession
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first goal was to acquire a exhibition of their own...
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Vienna Secession
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to show new art to the public
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Vienna Secession
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believed that modern industrial society could only be interpreted by open design strategies
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Vienna Secession
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they believe in living a youthful way and therefore become elevated
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Vienna Secession
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What is the connection between the Vienna Secession and the Wiener Werkstätte?
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They both had connections with relating to modern society, Werkstatte wanted to beautify it and the Succession wanted to interpret with art using open design strategies.
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Josef Hoffmann [member of the Secession] was also a member of what?
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Wienr Werkstatte [Viennease Workshops]
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What organization promoting high standards of manufacture?
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Wienr Werkstatte [Viennease Workshops]
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they sought to create work that would beautify modern urban society
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Wienr Werkstatte [Viennease Workshops]
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secession art never successfully formed relationships with manufactures unlike this
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Wienr Werkstatte [Viennease Workshops]
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they rejected organic style and focused on geometric clarity
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Werkstatte style
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they had the ideology that the designers would be paid royalties from their work, and not have to suffer poverty and wage laborers
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Werkstatte style
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while here with this organization Hoffmann designed geometric cutlery [pure geometric shape and formal clarity]
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Werkstatte style
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while here with this organization Hoffmann shifted his style for organic to geometric
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Werkstatte style
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they had a art show in Vienna [work of 170 artists of a very wide range of Austrian art]
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Werkstatte style
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What is this?
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Alfred Roller & Koloman Moser cover designs for Ver Sacrum “Sacred Spring”
- 216 original woodcuts |
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What was Hoffman best known for?
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Hoffman – architecture – better known for his industrial work
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What is this and who made it?
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What sought to integrate typography, ornament, and image into a unified work?
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Ver Sacrum
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What had geometric patterns and extreme simplification?
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Ver Sacrum
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Who is this? Tell me about this work
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Abstract and violent/sexual themes were able to be explore and allow artist like Egon Schiele to make dramatic posters.
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In general, what are the connections between the Modern art movements (or Modernisms) and
early-twentieth century graphic design? |
All of the previous movements have allowed us to get were we are noe with graphic deign, they opened the public/audiences up for abstraction, and various experimental relationships with with design elements.
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How do these movements reflect the experience of modern
life? |
Naturally in this day and age, we take inspiration for our own are from what has been done in the past. This allows us to make things seem familiar, while also presenting something new.
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In general, what are the connections between the Modern art movements and early 20th century graphic design?
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All of the previous movements have allowed us to get were we are now , and with graphic design, they opened the public/audiences up for abstraction, and various experimental relationships with with design elements. Also that new revival, as in bringing back elements from the past make our connections.
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How do modern movements reflect the experience of modern life?
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Naturally in this day and age, we take inspiration for our own are from what has been done in the past. This allows us to make things seem familiar, while also presenting something new.
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What is Cubism?
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objects are broken up depicted from multiple of viewpoints. The background and object planes intersect one another to create shallow space.
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What is Cubism?
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objects are broken up depicted from multiple of viewpoints. The background and object planes intersect one another to create shallow space
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Cubism, and how did it affect graphic design?
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Graphic design was effect by this in its sense to show superiority and aggressiveness. This stems from a need to express excitement in a threatening environment, a need for a new lanuge for a modern experience
[Picaso Oil on Canvas, 1907] |
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3.) Who made the Calligrammes, and what is their significance?
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Who :Guillaume Apollinairem 1918
They are significant beasce it capture the movement of the words; you can see what is transcibing Typed words would imitate shapes. |
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what art is described as aggressive male youth?
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Futurism
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What was the first Avant-garde art?
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Futurism
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What art is described as a destroyer of forms?
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Futurism
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Who/what worshiped technology, speed, efficiency & noise?
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Futurism
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How does Futurism relates to graphic design and typography?
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Futurism relates to graphic design and typography by depicting a better way of experiencing life, scattered and breaking of forms, abstract words that represent sounds [like swoosh1!] A collision of typography design and literature and clashing them together to depict modern life
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Descibe Words-in-freedom
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colored variety of fonts & an expressive force of words, typographers made different type styles varing in the sense of tonality, intensity & weight
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Who advocated a freely remodeling words to evoke appropriate sensations?
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Marinetti
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What are the Advantages of adapting an art style to graphic design?
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Advantages
you are able to have a clear direction as far as layout and composition. Each art label has a clear description on what it to be expected in the piece |
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What are the Disadvantages of adapting an art style to graphic design?
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Disadvantages
you are stuck in a particular category which can relate to many other artist of the same group. Perhaps some you might not want to be associated with. You are stuck in a category, there is very little room for new experimentation, because changes are that it has been done before, or that your piece is similar to something else. |
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What is all the variety of art for the sole purpose of social change and a rejection of treasured ideas and values of the masses?
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Dada
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The Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich hosted the first what?
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Dada
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People like Hugo Ball & Tristan Tzara created what.?
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Dada
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The style that means disgust with the war/capitalism?
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Dada
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What art movement created this innovation? new visual strategies and compositional vocab
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dada
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What movement led designers to be more open-minded about non-traditional work?
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dada
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What movement used disorienting viewing experiences in their art?
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dada
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Who did this?
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Raoul Hausmann
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Desicbe this.
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sets up an aggressive confrontation with the viewer
uneasiness and excitement mixed with modern forms |
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WHo is Kurt Schwitters?
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Dadaist that did lots of Junk art [use of refuse for modern society]
innovative design ideas |
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Who is John Heartfeild?
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Dadaist
organizing the First International Dada Fair in Berlin in 1920 did photo montages to undermine the nazi's |
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What classifies bold, linear symmetry ?
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Art Deco
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Modern and streamlined, a sign of a new age of technology and architecture, what is this?
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Art Deco
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ge of technology and architecture, what is this?
What art classifies a celebration machines? |
Art Deco
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Who did this and what style is it?
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Art Deco: A.M Cassandre, Dubonet [1932]
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What art piece used an urban experience?
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Art Deco: A.M Cassandre, Dubonet [1932]
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What art piece used a direct representation of the senses?
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Art Deco: A.M Cassandre, Dubonet [1932]
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Name an art deco typography.
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AM Cassandre, Bifur [1932]
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recognize the sequence instantly, and it allows us to see the other part of the letters happens in what typography?
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AM Cassandre, Bifur [1932]
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he knows that if you have enough surrounding information, the brain will complete it, what kind of typography is he talking about?
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AM Cassandre, Bifur [1932]
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